Protected: Cancer types

Breast Cancer – Cancer Care Ontario

2 ways to describe breast cancer:

Invasive – extends beyond the wall of the milk duct and into the surrounding tissues.

Non-Invasive – do not extend beyond the wall of the mild duct and into the surrounding tissues.

To learn more visit the Canadian Cancer Society http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/breast/breast-cancer/?region=on

Ontario Breast Screening Program Locations:

https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/find-cancer-services/breast-screening-locations

When to get screened:

https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer/screening

Diagnosis

Diagnosing breast cancer usually begins when you find a lump in your breast or with a screening mammography.

Your doctor will ask about any symptoms and may do a physical exam.

Based on the findings, your doctor may refer you to a specialist.

For information about diagnostic tests for breast cancer, visit the Canadian Cancer SocietyOpens in a new window.

Testing for Breast Cancer

Mammography | Canadian Cancer Society

An X-ray that uses small doses of radiation to make an image of the breast.

Ultrasound | Canadian Cancer Society

The use of high-frequency sound waves to make an image.  It is used to find out of a breast lump is a solid tumour or a cyst.

Biopsy

There are several types of biopsies that may be used to help diagnose.

Find out more Diagnosis of breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) | Canadian Cancer Society

Core biopsy | Canadian Cancer Society

Hormone Receptor Status Testing

Estrogen and progesterone are homes that can stimulate the growth of breast cancer cells.

Find out more about Hormone receptor status test | Canadian Cancer Society

HER2 Status Testing

HER2 stands for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 which is a gene that has changed and helps a tumor grow.

Find out more about HER2 status test | Canadian Cancer Society

Other tests can also include lab work, MRI, bone scan, Xray

Treatment Types

There are several types of breast cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy depending on the stage of the cancer.  For more information please see links below.

Radiation

External beam radiation therapy is given after breast-conserving surgery.  All of the breast, muscles of the chest, lymph nodes under the arm and around the collarbone are treated.

Hormonal Therapy

Hormonal therapy is always offered for hormone receptor- positive stage 3 breast cancer.

Hormonal therapy for post-menopausal women with stage 3 breast cancer includes tamoxifen (an anti-estrogen) and aromatise inhibitors.

Hormone therapy for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

Targeted Therapy Targeted therapy targets the molecules that send signals for the cancer to grow or divide.  The drug blocks their signals to stop the growth and spread.

For more information on types of targeted therapy: Targeted therapy | Canadian Cancer Society

Treatments for Breast Cancer

Treatments for stage 0 breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

Treatments for stage 1 breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

Treatments for stage 2 breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

Treatments for stage 3 breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

Treatments for stage 4 breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

Survivorship

Follow-up care after completing cancer treatment is important to help maintain good health.  At the end of treatment, you may have mixed feelings such a relief, anger, sadness, or feeling lost.

For more information, Life after treatment | Canadian Cancer Society

Finding your new normal | Canadian Cancer Society

Worrying that cancer will come back | Canadian Cancer Society

https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/types-of-cancer/lung

The lungs, which is an organ in the chest, take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide from the body.

There are 2 main types of lung cancer:

• Non-small and small cell

To learn more about lung cancer, visit the Canadian Cancer Society (insert hyperlink: http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/lung-cancer/?region=on)

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The prostate, which is a small gland in the reproductive system, produces semen.  It is located below the bladder in front of the rectum.

The most common type is adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

To learn more about prostate cancer, visit the Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/prostate/prostate-cancer/?region=on

Melanoma – Cancer Care Ontario

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer.  Melanoma is responsible for making pigmentation of the skin called melanin.  The leading cause of melanoma is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiations from the sun or artificial sources such as tanning beds.

To learn more about melanoma, visit the Canadian Cancer Society http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/skin-melanoma/melanoma/?region=on

Melanoma Canada – Melanoma Network of Canada

Melanoma and Skin Cancer Support Services – Melanoma Canada (melanomanetwork.ca)

(insert hyperlink here: https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/types-of-cancer/colorectal

The large bowel consists of the colon and rectum.  It is part of the digestive system.  The colon absorbs extra water from your stool and the rectum pushes the stool out of the body.

Colon cancer can form in any party of the colon, rectal cancer can form in the rectum.

Small growths also known as polyps start in the lining of the inside of the color or rectum and can turn into cancer over type.  These are also known as pre-cancerous polyps.

To learn more about colorectal cancer, visit the Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/colorectal/colorectal-cancer/?region=on

insert hyperlink: https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/types-of-cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma)

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is a blood cancer of the lymphatic system.  This system helps your immune system fight infections.

The other main type of lymphoma is Hodgkin Lymphoma, which is less common.

To learn more about Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma visit the Canadian Cancer Society (insert hyperlink: http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/?region=on)

(insert hyperlink: https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/types-of-cancer/pancreatic)

(resource https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas)

The pancreas is part of the digestive and hormonal system to help break down food. Pancreatic cancer starts in the cells of the pancreas.

There are several types of pancreatic cancer such as ductal adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, and pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma.

(insert hyperlink: https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/types-of-cancer/kidney

The kidneys, which are located on either side of the spine, are responsible for filtering water and waste from the blood to make urine.

Kidney cancer starts in the cells of the kidney.

There are several types: renal cell carcinoma, renal sarcoma and primary renal lymphoma.

To learn more about kidney cancer, visit the Canadian Cancer Society http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/kidney/kidney-cancer/?region=on

(insert hyperlink: https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/types-of-cancer/bladder

The bladder is part of the urinary system that stores urine (pee) before it passes out of the body. Cancer starts in the lining of the bladder called the urothelium.

The most common type of bladder cancer is urothelial carcinoma.

There are 2 ways to describe bladder cancer: invasive and non-invasive.

Invasive is when the bladder cancer spreads into the tissue or muscle in the wall of the bladder.

Non-invasive – cancer has not spread beyond the urothelium.

insert hyperlink: https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/types-of-cancer/ovarian-cancer)

The ovaries are a pair of oval shaped organs of the reproductive system.

Ovarian cancer starts in the cells of the ovary.

To learn more about ovarian cancer, please visit https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/ovarian/what-is-ovarian-cancer

https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/types-of-cancer/cervical

Cervical cancer starts in the cells of the cervix.  The cervix is part of the female reproductive system.

The most common cause of cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus (insert hyperlink: https://www.cancercareontario.ca/node/32481)

There are 2 types:

• Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, which starts in the cells that line the outside of the cervix, most common.
• Adenocarcinoma of the cervix, starts in the glandular cells that line the inside of the cervix, these cells make mucus and other fluids.

To learn more about cervical cancer, visit the Canadian Cancer Society http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/cervical/cervical-cancer/?region=on

hyperlink: https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/types-of-cancer/neuroendocrine-tumours

Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are fairly rare cancers. They start in a person’s neuroendocrine cell, found throughout the body, hence the different names are based on the place in the body where they develop, i.e. GI nets, lung nets, pancreatic nets and so forth).

To learn more about neuroendocrine tumours, visit the Canadian Cancer Society https://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/neuroendocrine/neuroendocrine-tumours/?region=on